Moisture controlling helmet liner and related articles produced by additive manufacturing

ABSTRACT

A helmet liner includes: (a) an open lattice body portion comprised of a polymer, the body portion having opposite face portions and a circumferential side portion; (b) a helmet contact surface portion formed on one of the face portions; and (c) a skin contact portion formed on the other of the face portions, the skin contact portion configured with the lattice body portion so air can circulate through both the body portion and the skin contact portion.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No.62/744,761, filed Oct. 12, 2018, the disclosure of which is herebyincorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention concerns liners for helmets and other protectivearticles that are produced by additive manufacturing.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A group of additive manufacturing techniques sometimes referred to as“stereolithography” create a three-dimensional object by the sequentialpolymerization of a light polymerizable resin. Such techniques may be“bottom-up” techniques, where light is projected into the resin onto thebottom of the growing object through a light transmissive window, or“top down” techniques, where light is projected onto the resin on top ofthe growing object, which is then immersed downward into a pool ofresin.

The recent introduction of a more rapid stereolithography techniquesometimes referred to as continuous liquid interface production (CLIP)has expanded the usefulness of stereolithography from prototyping tomanufacturing. See J. Tumbleston, D. Shirvanyants, N. Ermoshkin et al.,Continuous liquid interface production of 3D objects, SCIENCE 347,1349-1352 (published online 16 Mar. 2015); U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,211,678;9,205,601; and U.S. Pat. No. 9,216,546 to DeSimone et al.; see also R.Janusziewicz, et al., Layerless fabrication with continuous liquidinterface production, PNAS 113, 11703-11708 (18 Oct. 2016).

Dual cure resins for additive manufacturing were introduced shortlyafter the introduction of CLIP, expanding the usefulness ofstereolithography for manufacturing a broad variety of objects stillfurther. See Rolland et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,676,963, 9,453,142 and9,598,606; J. Poelma and J. Rolland, Rethinking digital manufacturingwith polymers, SCIENCE 358, 1384-1385 (15 Dec. 2017).

There is great interest in developing improved helmets and otherprotective devices, including the liners thereof. See, for example, U.S.Pat. Nos. 9,839,251; 9,820,524; 9,392,831; and 7,765,622. However, theutility of additive manufacturing for developing new and uniquecomponents for such protective devices has yet to be fully explored.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Some embodiments of the present invention are directed to a helmet linerincluding: (a) an open lattice body portion comprised of a polymer, thebody portion having opposite face portions and a circumferential sideportion; (b) a helmet contact surface portion formed on one of the faceportions; and (c) a skin contact portion formed on the other of the faceportions, the skin contact portion configured with the lattice bodyportion so air can circulate through both the body portion and the skincontact portion.

In some embodiments, the body portion includes a base portion and aplurality of fingers extending from the base portion. The fingers may beseparated by gaps.

In some embodiments, the circumferential side portion includes sideopenings configured to circulate air therethrough and into the latticebody portion.

In some embodiments, the helmet liner further includes a breathablewicking fabric connected to the liner and overlying the skin contactportion.

In some embodiments, the lattice body portion is comprised of aplurality of interconnected struts (e.g., struts having an averagediameter of from 0.3 millimeters to 3 millimeters).

In some embodiments, the lattice body portion is comprised of repeatingtetrahedral unit cells (e.g., tetrahedral unit cells ranging from 1millimeter to 10 millimeters in size).

In some embodiments, the helmet contact surface portion is generallyflat. The skin contact portion may be configured as a smoothed segmentof the lattice body portion. The body portion may be rigid, flexible, orelastic.

In some embodiments, the liner is configured to cushion a wearer fromthe helmet. The liner may be configured to wick perspiration away from awearer, and/or wick perspiration along the skin contact portion tothereby more rapidly disperse perspiration of a wearer.

In some embodiments, the body portion is comprised of a plurality (e.g.,at least two or three) interconnected body members. Each body member maybe produced by the process of additive manufacturing from a lightpolymerizable resin.

In some embodiments, the helmet liner is produced by the process ofadditive manufacturing (e.g., selective laser sintering (SLS), fuseddeposition modeling (FDM), stereolithography (SLA), three-dimensionalprinting (3DP), or multijet modeling (MJM)).

In some embodiments, the helmet liner is produced by the process ofstereolithography from a light-polymerizable resin, optionally whereinthe resin includes a dual cure resin. The process may include formingthe body portion or body members as at least one intermediate byadditive manufacturing, optionally interconnecting the members, and thenfurther curing (e.g., by heating and/or microwave irradiating) theintermediate.

Some other embodiments of the present invention are directed to a helmetincluding: (a) a rigid, shock-absorbing, protective shell having aninterior surface and an exterior surface; and (b) a helmet liner asdescribed herein, with the helmet contact surface portion connected tothe helmet interior surface.

In some embodiments, the protective shell includes at least oneshock-absorbing component (e.g., a crushable closed cell foam, at leastone rigid or elastic open-cell polymer lattice, at least onefluid-filled bladder, or a combination thereof).

In some embodiments, the protective shell has a plurality of ventsformed therein. The vents may subdivide the shell into a plurality ofribs. The fingers of the body portion may be connected or contacted toand aligned with said ribs. At least some of the side portion openingsof the liner may be adjacent and/or open to the vents of the helmet. Theprotective shell may have a lower perimeter, and at least some of theside portion openings of the liner may be adjacent and/or open to thelower perimeter of the helmet.

In some embodiments, the protective shell includes a crushable closedcell foam.

In some embodiments, the helmet is configured as a bicycling, skiing,motorcycling, combat, skydiving, football, baseball, lacrosse, icehockey, construction, or horseback riding helmet.

Some other embodiments of the present invention are directed to a linerfor a wearable article (e.g., a wearable protective device), including:(a) an open lattice body portion comprised of a polymer, the bodyportion having opposite face portions and a circumferential sideportion; (b) a garment or wearable protector contact surface portionformed on one of the face portions; and (c) a skin or body contactportion formed on the other of said face portions, the skin or bodycontact portion configured with the lattice body portion so air cancirculate through the body portion and through the skin or body contactportion to contact the skin of a wearer.

In some embodiments, the liner is configured for installation into oronto a wearable protective device, wherein said wearable protectivedevice is a shin guard, knee pad, elbow pad, sports brassiere, bicyclingshorts, backpack strap, backpack back, neck brace, chest protector,protective vest, protective jackets, slacks, suits, overalls, jumpsuit,and/or protective slacks.

In some embodiments, the circumferential side portion includes sideopenings configured to circulate air therethrough and into the latticebody portion.

In some embodiments, the liner further includes a breathable wickingfabric connected to the liner and overlying the skin or body contactportion.

In some embodiments, the lattice body portion is comprised of aplurality of interconnected struts (e.g., struts having an averagediameter of from 0.3 millimeters to 3 millimeters).

In some embodiments, the lattice body portion is comprised of repeatingtetrahedral unit cells (e.g., tetrahedral unit cells ranging from 1millimeter to 10 millimeters in size).

In some embodiments, the garment or wearable protector contact surfaceportion is generally flat. The skin or body contact portion may beconfigured as a smoothed segment of the lattice body portion. The bodyportion may be rigid, flexible, or elastic.

In some embodiments, the liner is configured to cushion a wearer fromthe garment or wearable protector contact surface portion.

In some embodiments, the liner is configured to wick perspiration awayfrom a wearer, and/or wick perspiration along the skin or body contactportion to thereby more rapidly disperse perspiration of a wearer.

In some embodiments, the body portion includes a plurality (e.g., atleast two or three) interconnected body members. Each body member may beproduced by the process of additive manufacturing from a lightpolymerizable resin.

In some embodiments, the liner is produced by the process of additivemanufacturing (e.g., selective laser sintering (SLS), fused depositionmodeling (FDM), stereolithography (SLA), three-dimensional printing(3DP), or multijet modeling (MJM)).

In some embodiments, the liner is produced by the process ofstereolithography from a light-polymerizable resin, optionally whereinsaid resin comprises a dual cure resin. The process may include formingthe body portion or body members as at least one intermediate byadditive manufacturing, optionally interconnecting the members, and thenfurther curing (e.g., by heating and/or microwave irradiating) theintermediate.

The foregoing and other objects and aspects of the present invention areexplained in greater detail in the drawings herein and the specificationset forth below. The disclosures of all United States patent referencescited herein are to be incorporated herein by reference.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a top plan view of a drawing of a helmet liner of the presentinvention.

FIG. 2 is a top plan view of a helmet liner of the present invention, asproduced by additive manufacturing.

FIG. 3 is a detail perspective view of the helmet liner of FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 is a side view of a portion of the helmet liner of FIGS. 2 and 3,more clearly showing the openings formed in the circumferential sidewall portion.

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the helmet liner of FIGS. 2-4, installedin a helmet.

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a second embodiment of a helmet liner ofthe present invention.

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a tetrahedeal unit cell from which alattice may be formed, which lattice may be used in some embodiments ofa helmet liner of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a third embodiment of a helmet liner ofthe present invention, installed in a helmet.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

The present invention is now described more fully hereinafter withreference to the accompanying drawings, in which embodiments of theinvention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in manydifferent forms and should not be construed as limited to theembodiments set forth herein; rather these embodiments are provided sothat this disclosure will be thorough and complete and will fully conveythe scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.

Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. In the figures, thethickness of certain lines, layers, components, elements or features maybe exaggerated for clarity.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. Asused herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended toinclude plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” or“comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence ofstated features, integers, steps, operations, elements components and/orgroups or combinations thereof, but do not preclude the presence oraddition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations,elements, components and/or groups or combinations thereof.

As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all possiblecombinations or one or more of the associated listed items, as well asthe lack of combinations when interpreted in the alternative (“or”).

Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientificterms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by oneof ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It will befurther understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly useddictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that isconsistent with their meaning in the context of the specification andclaims and should not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formalsense unless expressly so defined herein. Well-known functions orconstructions may not be described in detail for brevity and/or clarity.

It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “on,”“attached” to, “connected” to, “coupled” with, “contacting,” etc.,another element, it can be directly on, attached to, connected to,coupled with and/or contacting the other element or intervening elementscan also be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to asbeing, for example, “directly on,” “directly attached” to, “directlyconnected” to, “directly coupled” with or “directly contacting” anotherelement, there are no intervening elements present. It will also beappreciated by those of skill in the art that references to a structureor feature that is disposed “adjacent” another feature can have portionsthat overlap or underlie the adjacent feature.

Spatially relative terms, such as “under,” “below,” “lower,” “over,”“upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description todescribe an element's or feature's relationship to another element(s) orfeature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that thespatially relative terms are intended to encompass differentorientations of the device in use or operation in addition to theorientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in thefigures is inverted, elements described as “under” or “beneath” otherelements or features would then be oriented “over” the other elements orfeatures. Thus the exemplary term “under” can encompass both anorientation of over and under. The device may otherwise be oriented(rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relativedescriptors used herein interpreted accordingly. Similarly, the terms“upwardly,” “downwardly,” “vertical,” “horizontal” and the like are usedherein for the purpose of explanation only, unless specificallyindicated otherwise.

It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc., maybe used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layersand/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/orsections should not be limited by these terms. Rather, these terms areonly used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer and/orsection, from another element, component, region, layer and/or section.Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section discussedherein could be termed a second element, component, region, layer orsection without departing from the teachings of the present invention.The sequence of operations (or steps) is not limited to the orderpresented in the claims or figures unless specifically indicatedotherwise.

1. Additive Manufacturing Methods, Apparatus and Resins

Resins for additive manufacturing are known and described in, forexample, DeSimone et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,211,678; 9,205,601; and9,216,546. Dual cure resins for additive manufacturing are known anddescribed in, for example, Rolland et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,676,963;9,598,606; and 9,453,142. Non-limiting examples of dual cure resinsinclude, but are not limited to, resins for producing objects comprisedof polymers such as polyurethane, polyurea, and copolymers thereof;objects comprised of epoxy; objects comprised of cyanate ester; objectscomprised of silicone, etc.

Techniques for additive manufacturing are known. Suitable techniquesinclude, but are not limited to, techniques such as selective lasersintering (SLS), fused deposition modeling (FDM), stereolithography(SLA), material jetting including three-dimensional printing (3DP) andmultijet modeling (MJM) (MJM including Multi-Jet Fusion such asavailable from Hewlett Packard), and others. See, e.g., H. Bikas et al.,Additive manufacturing methods and modelling approaches: a criticalreview, Int. J. Adv. Manuf Technol. 83, 389-405 (2016).

Stereolithography, including bottom-up and top-down techniques, areknown and described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,236,637 to Hull,U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,391,072 and 5,529,473 to Lawton, U.S. Pat. No.7,438,846 to John, U.S. Pat. No. 7,892,474 to Shkolnik, U.S. Pat. No.8,110,135 to El-Siblani, U.S. Patent Application Publication No.2013/0292862 to Joyce, and US Patent Application Publication No.2013/0295212 to Chen et al. The disclosures of these patents andapplications are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

In some embodiments, the object is formed by continuous liquid interfaceproduction (CLIP). CLIP is known and described in, for example, PCTApplication Nos. PCT/US2014/015486 (U.S. Pat. No. 9,211,678);PCT/US2014/015506 (U.S. Pat. No. 9,205,601), PCT/US2014/015497 (U.S.Pat. No. 9,216,546), and in J. Tumbleston, D. Shirvanyants, N. Ermoshkinet al., Continuous liquid interface production of 3D Objects, Science347, 1349-1352 (2015). See also R. Janusziewcz et al., Layerlessfabrication with continuous liquid interface production, Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA 113, 11703-11708 (Oct. 18, 2016). In some embodiments,CLIP employs features of a bottom-up three-dimensional fabrication asdescribed above, but the irradiating and/or said advancing steps arecarried out while also concurrently maintaining a stable or persistentliquid interface between the growing object and the build surface orwindow, such as by: (i) continuously maintaining a dead zone ofpolymerizable liquid in contact with said build surface, and (ii)continuously maintaining a gradient of polymerization zone (such as anactive surface) between the dead zone and the solid polymer and incontact with each thereof, the gradient of polymerization zonecomprising the first component in partially-cured form. In someembodiments of CLIP, the optically transparent member comprises asemipermeable member (e.g., a fluoropolymer), and the continuouslymaintaining a dead zone is carried out by feeding an inhibitor ofpolymerization through the optically transparent member, therebycreating a gradient of inhibitor in the dead zone and optionally in atleast a portion of the gradient of polymerization zone. Other approachesfor carrying out CLIP that can be used in the present invention andobviate the need for a semipermeable “window” or window structureinclude utilizing a liquid interface comprising an immiscible liquid(see L. Robeson et al., WO 2015/164234, published Oct. 29, 2015),generating oxygen as an inhibitor by electrolysis (see I Craven et al.,WO 2016/133759, published Aug. 25, 2016), and incorporating magneticallypositionable particles to which the photoactivator is coupled into thepolymerizable liquid (see J. Rolland, WO 2016/145182, published Sep. 15,2016).

Other examples of methods and apparatus for carrying out particularembodiments of CLIP include, but are not limited to: Batchelder et al.,Continuous liquid interface production system with viscosity pump, USPatent Application Pub. No. US 2017/0129169 (May 11, 2017); Sun andLichkus, Three-dimensional fabricating system for rapidly producingobjects, US Patent Application Pub. No. US 2016/0288376 (Oct. 6, 2016);Willis et al., 3d print adhesion reduction during cure process, USPatent Application Pub. No. US 2015/0360419 (Dec. 17, 2015); Lin et al.,Intelligent 3d printing through optimization of 3d print parameters, USPatent Application Pub. No. US 2015/0331402 (Nov. 19, 2015); and D.Castanon, Stereolithography System, US Patent Application Pub. No. US2017/0129167 (May 11, 2017).

After the object is formed, it is typically cleaned as described below,and in some embodiments then further cured, preferably by baking(although further curing may in some embodiments be concurrent with thefirst cure, or may be by different mechanisms such as contacting towater, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,453,142 to Rolland et al.).

2. Liners for Helmets and Other Wearable Articles

A helmet liner 10 according to some embodiments is illustrated in FIGS.1-4. The helmet liner 10 includes an open lattice body portion 12 (e.g.,comprised of a polymer). The body portion 12 has first and secondopposite face portions 14, 16 and a circumferential side portion 18. Ahelmet contact surface portion 20 is formed on one of the face portionssuch as the first face portion 14. A skin contact portion 22 is formedon the other of the face portions such as the second face portion 16.The skin contact portion 22 is configured with the lattice body portion12 so air can circulate through both the body portion 12 and the skincontact portion 22.

The body portion may include a base portion 24 and a plurality offingers 26 extending from the base portion 24. The fingers 26 may beseparated by gaps 28.

The circumferential side portion 18 may include side openings 30configured to circulate air therethrough and into the lattice bodyportion 12.

In some embodiments, the helmet liner 10 includes a breathable wickingfabric connected to the liner and overlying the skin contact portion 22.

The lattice body portion 12 may include a plurality of interconnectedstruts 32 (e.g., struts having an average diameter of from 0.3millimeters to 3 millimeters). The lattice body portion 12 may includerepeating tetrahedral unit cells (e.g., tetrahedral unit cells rangingfrom 1 millimeter to 10 millimeters in size).

Lattices used herein may take any of a variety of forms, including butnot limited to tetrahedral, Voronoi, centroidal tetrahedral, or varioushex lattices, including combinations thereof. In general, a latticecomprises a plurality of interconnected struts with open interconnectedspaces throughout.

The helmet contact surface portion 20 may be flat or generally flat. Theskin contact portion 22 may be configured as a smoothed segment of thelattice body portion 12. The body portion 12 may be rigid, flexible, orelastic.

The liner 10 may be configured to cushion a wearer from the helmet(e.g., to which the liner 10 is connected). The liner 10 may beconfigured to wick perspiration away from a wearer, and/or wickpersperiation along the skin contact portion 22 to thereby more rapidlydisperse perspiration of a wearer.

The body portion 12 may include a plurality (e.g., at least two orthree) interconnected body members such as 12A, 12B, 12C. Each bodymember may be produced by the process of additive manufacturing from alight polymerizable resin.

The helmet liner 10 may be produced by the process of additivemanufacturing (e.g., selective laser sintering (SLS), fused depositionmodeling (FDM), stereolithography (SLA), three-dimensional printing(3DP), or multijet modeling (MJM)).

The helmet liner 10 may be produced by the process of stereolithographyfrom a light-polymerizable resin, optionally wherein said resin includesa dual cure resin. The process may include forming the body portion 12or body members as at least one intermediate by additive manufacturing,optionally interconnecting the members, and then further curing (e.g.,by heating and/or microwave irradiating) the intermediate.

A helmet 50 according to some embodiments is illustrated in FIG. 5. Thehelmet 50 includes a rigid, shock-absorbing, protective shell 52 havingan interior surface 54 and an exterior surface 56. The helmet 50includes a helmet liner as described herein, such as the helmet liner 10described above. The helmet contact surface portion 20 may be connectedto the helmet interior surface 54.

The protective shell 52 may include at least one shock-absorbingcomponent (e.g., a crushable closed cell foam, at least one rigid orelastic open-cell polymer lattice, at least one fluid-filled bladder, ora combination thereof).

The protective shell 52 may have a plurality of vents 58 formed therein.The vents 58 may subdivide the shell 52 into a plurality of ribs 60. Thefingers 26 of the body portion 12 may be connected or contacted to andaligned with the ribs 60. At least some of the side portion openings 30of the liner 10 may be adjacent and/or open to vents 58 of the helmet50.

The protective shell 52 may have a lower perimeter 62. At least some ofthe side portion openings 30 of the liner 10 may be adjacent and/or opento the lower perimeter 62 of the helmet 50.

The helmet 50 may be configured as a bicycling, skiing, motorcycling,combat, skydiving, football, baseball, lacrosse, ice hockey,construction, or horseback riding helmet.

FIGS. 6 and 8 illustrated alternative embodiments of the liner 10, andFIG. 8 further shows at least one of the liners 10 connected to thehelmet 50.

The liners 10 as described herein may also be configured as a liner fora wearable article (e.g., a wearable protective device). The liner 10includes the open lattice body portion 12 (e.g., comprised of apolymer). The body portion 12 has the opposite face portions 14, 16 andthe circumferential side portion 18. The liner 10 includes a garment orwearable protector contact surface portion 20 formed on one of the faceportions (e.g., on the face portion 14). The liner 10 includes a skin orbody contact portion 22 formed on the other of the face portions (e.g.,the face portion 16). The skin or body contact portion 22 is configuredwith the lattice body portion 12 so air can circulate through the bodyportion 12 and through the skin or body contact portion 22 to contactthe skin of a wearer.

The liner may be configured for installation into or onto a wearableprotective device. The wearable protective device may be a shin guard,knee pad, elbow pad, sports brassiere, bicycling shorts, backpack strap,backpack back, neck brace, chest protector, protective vest, protectivejackets, slacks, suits, overalls, jumpsuit, and/or protective slacks.

Breathable wicking fabrics (including woven and non-woven fabrics, andnatural and synthetic fabrics) are known and any of a variety thereofcan be used to carry out the present invention. Specific examplesthereof include, but are not limited to, those set forth in U.S. Pat.Nos. 9,062,913; 8,127,575; and 6,607,562.

The foregoing is illustrative of the present invention, and is not to beconstrued as limiting thereof. The invention is defined by the followingclaims, with equivalents of the claims to be included therein.

We claim:
 1. A helmet liner, comprising: (a) an open lattice bodyportion comprised of a polymer, said body portion having opposite faceportions and a circumferential side portion; (b) a helmet contactsurface portion formed on one of said face portions; and (c) a skincontact portion formed on the other of said face portions, said skincontact portion configured with said lattice body portion so air cancirculate through both said body portion and said skin contact portion.2. The helmet liner of claim 1, wherein said body portion comprises abase portion and a plurality of fingers extending from said baseportion, said fingers separated by gaps.
 3. The helmet liner of claim 1,wherein said circumferential side portion comprises side openingsconfigured to circulate air therethrough and into said lattice bodyportion.
 4. The helmet liner of claim 1, further comprising: (d) abreathable wicking fabric connected to said liner and overlying saidskin contact portion.
 5. The helmet liner of claim 1, wherein saidlattice body portion is comprised of a plurality of interconnectedstruts.
 6. The helmet liner of claim 1, wherein said lattice bodyportion is comprised of repeating tetrahedral unit cells.
 7. The helmetliner of claim 1, wherein: said helmet contact surface portion isgenerally flat, and/or said skin contact portion is configured as asmoothed segment of said lattice body portion.
 8. The helmet liner ofclaim 1, wherein said body portion is rigid, flexible, or elastic. 9.The helmet liner of claim 1, said liner configured to cushion a wearerfrom the helmet.
 10. The helmet liner of claim 1, said liner configuredto wick perspiration away from a wearer, and/or wick persperiation alongsaid skin contact portion to thereby more rapidly disperse perspirationof a wearer.
 11. The helmet liner of claim 1, wherein said body portionis comprised of a plurality of interconnected body members, each bodymember produced by the process of additive manufacturing from a lightpolymerizable resin.
 12. The helmet liner of claim 1 produced by theprocess of additive manufacturing.
 13. The helmet liner of claim 1produced by the process of stereolithography from a light-polymerizableresin, optionally wherein said resin comprises a dual cure resin; and/oroptionally wherein said process comprises forming said body portion orbody members as at least one intermediate by additive manufacturing,optionally interconnecting said members, and then further curing saidintermediate.
 14. A helmet comprising: (a) a rigid, shock-absorbing,protective shell having an interior surface and an exterior surface; and(b) a helmet liner of claim 1, said helmet contact surface portionconnected to said helmet interior surface.
 15. The helmet of claim 14,wherein said protective shell includes at least one shock-absorbingcomponent.
 16. The helmet of claim 14, wherein: said body portioncomprises a base portion and a plurality of fingers extending from saidbase portion, said fingers separated by gaps; said circumferential sideportion comprises side openings configured to circulate air therethroughand into said lattice body portion; said protective shell has aplurality of vents formed therein, said vents subdividing said shellinto a plurality of ribs; and said fingers of said body portion areconnected or contacted to and aligned with said ribs, and at least someof said side portion openings of said liner are adjacent and/or open tosaid vents of said helmet; and/or said protective shell has a lowerperimeter, and at least some of said side portion openings of said linerare adjacent and/or open to said lower perimeter of said helmet.
 17. Thehelmet of claim 14, wherein said protective shell comprises a crushableclosed cell foam.
 18. The helmet of claim 14, wherein said helmet isconfigured as a bicycling, skiing, motorcycling, combat, skydiving,football, baseball, lacrosse, ice hockey, construction, or horsebackriding helmet.
 19. A liner for a wearable article, comprising: (a) anopen lattice body portion comprised of a polymer, said body portionhaving opposite face portions and a circumferential side portion; (b) agarment or wearable protector contact surface portion formed on one ofsaid face portions; and (c) a skin or body contact portion formed on theother of said face portions, said skin or body contact portionconfigured with said lattice body portion so air can circulate throughsaid body portion and through said skin or body contact portion tocontact the skin of a wearer.
 20. The liner of claim 19, wherein saidliner is configured for installation into or onto a wearable protectivedevice, wherein said wearable protective device is a shin guard, kneepad, elbow pad, sports brassiere, bicycling shorts, backpack strap,backpack back, neck brace, chest protector, protective vest, protectivejackets, slacks, suits, overalls, jumpsuit, and/or protective slacks.21. The liner of claim 19, wherein said circumferential side portioncomprises side openings configured to circulate air therethrough andinto said lattice body portion.
 22. The liner of claim 19, furthercomprising: (d) a breathable wicking fabric connected to said liner andoverlying said skin or body contact portion.
 23. The liner of claim 19,wherein said lattice body portion is comprised of a plurality ofinterconnected struts.
 24. The liner of claim 19, wherein said latticebody portion is comprised of repeating tetrahedral unit cells.
 25. Theliner of claim 19, wherein: said garment or wearable protector contactsurface portion is generally flat, and/or said skin or body contactportion is configured as a smoothed segment of said lattice bodyportion.
 26. The liner of claim 19, wherein said body portion is rigid,flexible, or elastic.
 27. The liner of claim 19, said liner configuredto cushion a wearer from the garment or wearable protector contactsurface portion.
 28. The liner of claim 19, said liner configured towick perspiration away from a wearer, and/or wick persperiation alongsaid skin or body contact portion to thereby more rapidly disperseperspiration of a wearer.
 29. The liner of claim 19, wherein said bodyportion is comprised of a plurality interconnected body members, eachbody member produced by the process of additive manufacturing from alight polymerizable resin.
 30. The liner of claim 19 produced by theprocess of additive manufacturing (e.g., selective laser sintering(SLS), fused deposition modeling (FDM), stereolithography (SLA),three-dimensional printing (3DP), or multijet modeling (MJM)).
 31. Theliner of claim 19 produced by the process of stereolithography from alight-polymerizable resin, optionally wherein said resin comprises adual cure resin; and/or optionally wherein said process comprisesforming said body portion or body members as at least one intermediateby additive manufacturing, optionally interconnecting said members, andthen further curing said intermediate.